Artificial Intelligence System Predicts Consequences of Gene Modifications

Researchers at Gladstone Institutes, the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute have turned to artificial intelligence (AI) to help them understand how large networks of interconnected human genes control the function of cells, and how disruptions in those networks cause disease.

Recommended: Embrace AI to become a W.I.T.C.H. Leader

Large language models, also known as foundation models, are AI systems that learn fundamental knowledge from massive amounts of general data, and then apply that knowledge to accomplish new tasks—a process called transfer learning. These systems have recently gained mainstream attention with the release of ChatGPT, a chatbot built on a model from OpenAI.

In the new work, published in the journal Nature, Gladstone Assistant Investigator Christina Theodoris, MD, PhD, developed a foundation model for understanding how genes interact. The new model, dubbed Geneformer, learns from massive amounts of data on gene interactions from a broad range of human tissues and transfers this knowledge to make predictions about how things might go wrong in disease.

Theodoris and her team used Geneformer to shed light on how heart cells go awry in heart disease. This method, however, can tackle many other cell types and diseases too.

“Geneformer has vast applications across many areas of biology, including discovering possible drug targets for disease,” says Theodoris, who is also an assistant professor in the Department of Pediatrics at UC San Francisco. “This approach will greatly advance our ability to design network-correcting therapies in diseases where progress has been obstructed by limited data.”

Theodoris designed Geneformer during a postdoctoral fellowship with X. Shirley Liu, PhD, former director of the Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Patrick Ellinor, MD, PhD, director of the Cardiovascular Disease Initiative at the Broad Institute—both authors of the new study.

A Network View

Many genes, when active, set off cascades of molecular activity that trigger other genes to dial their activity up or down. Some of those genes, in turn, impact other genes—or loop back and put the brakes on the first gene. So, when a scientist sketches out the connections between a few dozen related genes, the resulting network map often looks like a tangled spiderweb.

If mapping out just a handful of genes in this way is messy, trying to understand connections between all 20,000 genes in the human genome is a formidable challenge. But such a massive network map would offer researchers insight into how entire networks of genes change with disease, and how to reverse those changes.

“If a drug targets a gene that is peripheral within the network, it might have a small impact on how a cell functions or only manage the symptoms of a disease,” says Theodoris. “But by restoring the normal levels of genes that play a central role in the network, you can treat the underlying disease process and have a much larger impact.”

Recommended: AiThority Interview with Arijit Sengupta, CEO and Founder at Aible

Artificial Intelligence “Transfer Learning”

Typically, to map gene networks, researchers rely on huge datasets that include many similar cells. They use a subset of AI systems, called machine learning platforms, to work out patterns within the data. For example, a machine learning algorithm could be trained on a large number of samples from patients with and without heart disease, and then learn the gene network patterns that differentiate diseased samples from healthy ones.

However, standard machine learning models in biology are trained to only accomplish a single task. In order for the models accomplish a different task, they have to be retrained from scratch on new data. So, if researchers from the first example now wanted to identify diseased kidney, lung, or brain cells from their healthy counterparts, they’d need to start over and train a new algorithm with data from those tissues.

The issue is that, for some diseases, there isn’t enough existing data to train these machine learning models.

In the new study, Theodoris, Ellinor, and their colleagues tackled this problem by leveraging a machine learning technique called “transfer learning” to train Geneformer as a foundational model whose core knowledge can be transferred to new tasks.

First, they “pretrained” Geneformer to have a fundamental understanding of how genes interact by feeding it data about the activity level of genes in about 30 million cells from a broad range of human tissues.

To demonstrate that the transfer learning approach was working, the scientists then fine-tuned Geneformer to make predictions about the connections between genes, or whether reducing the levels of certain genes would cause disease. Geneformer was able to make these predictions with much higher accuracy than alternative approaches because of the fundamental knowledge it gained during the pretraining process.

In addition, Geneformer was able to make accurate predictions even when only shown a very small number of examples of relevant data.

“This means Geneformer could be applied to make predictions in diseases where research progress has been slow because we don’t have access to sufficiently large datasets, such as rare diseases and those affecting tissues that are difficult to sample in the clinic,” says Theodoris.

Top AI ML Insights: AiThority Interview with Alex Mans, Founder and CEO at FLYR Lab

[To share your insights with us, please write to sghosh@martechseries.com]